Leptospirosis is a bacterial condition that affects both humans and animals. It is caused by the Leptospira bacteria that are usually found in the urine and tissues of infected animals.
What are the indications of leptospirosis?
The usual indications of leptospirosis include the following:
- Fever
- Severe headache
- Chills
Avoid swimming or wading in water if there is a high risk of contamination with animal urine. - Sore muscles
- Vomiting
- Red eyes
Remember that these symptoms are strikingly comparable to other conditions such as influenza and diagnosis can be difficult.
There are cases in which leptospirosis progresses to a severe disease. In some cases, bleeding in the lungs and meningitis can also occur. It is important to note that the symptoms typically develop 5-14 days after the infection and last for a few days up to 3 weeks or longer.
How does it spread?
- The bacteria typically enter the body via wounds or cuts and occasionally through the lining of the nose, mouth and eyes.
- The cases of reported outbreaks are often linked with exposure to flood water that has been contaminated by urine of infected animals.
- Soil, water and mud that has been contaminated with animal urine might be the source of infection.
- Consumption of contaminated food or water has been reported to occasionally spread the condition.
Preventive measures
- Make sure that all wounds are covered with a waterproof dressing especially if there is possible contact with contaminated soil, mud or water.
- Protective clothing must be used when working in environments involving animals that might be infected.
- Avoid swimming or wading in water if there is a high risk of contamination with animal urine.
- Always use footwear while outdoors especially when walking in soil or mud.
Management
Leptospirosis is typically managed using antibiotics such as penicillin or doxycycline. Since the testing takes time and the condition can be severe, the doctor might decide to use antibiotics before a diagnosis is confirmed. Treatment using antibiotics is considered as the most effective if started early.