Infantile spasms are a type of epilepsy that occurs in some children. It usually starts between the ages of 2-12 months and peaks around 4-8 months.
Even though these seizures only last for 1-2 seconds, they typically occur together with every spasm occurring at 5-10 seconds in a series. During a spasm, the body becomes rigid abruptly, the back might arch while the legs, arms and head bends forward. Nevertheless, infantile spasms can be difficult to notice.
Soon after the infantile spasms start, there are evident changes in the child such as:
- Loss of developmental milestones that were previously learned (rolling over, sitting or crawling)
- Loss of social interactions and smiles
- Becomes fussy or silent
Infantile spasms should be diagnosed early. If a child is suspected with infantile spasms, a doctor must be consulted.
Characteristics
Infantile spasms can occur less than a second usually with a look of surprise, brief stare and extension of both arms. In between every spasm, the infant appears fine.
Early diagnosis
Infantile spasms should be diagnosed early. If a child is suspected with infantile spasms, a doctor must be consulted. The child might require assessment by a pediatric neurologist.
The child is hospitalized so that testing is performed, specifically video-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring. This is performed to pinpoint specific brain-wave patterns during the spasms and to note down specific patterns in between every spasm.
Possible causes of infantile spasms
There are various causes of the spasms since almost any brain injury or irregularity to the brain can trigger them.
Several genetic/metabolic conditions are linked with infantile spasms and most cases usually have disorders that causes developmental delays before the start of the spasms.
Management
The initial line of therapy for infantile spasms is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which is given as a shot. The first dose is given at the hospital so that the child is monitored closely for any side effects.
Since the child should continue with the ACTH shots for about 6 weeks, the parents are instructed on how to administer the injections at home. The objective of this medication includes:
- Cessation of the spasms
- Improve the erratic EEG
In some instances, the doctor might prescribe a seizure medication. Both medications work well but the doctor will discuss about the medications better suited for the child.